Le dabigatran est-il une bonne alternative à la warfarine chez les patients atteints de fibrillation atriale accompagnée de maladies cardiaques valvulaires et non valvulaires? Une revue systématique et une méta-analyse
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.62438/tunismed.v103i10.6102Mots-clés :
Ablation par cathéter, Dabigatran, Fibrillation atriale non valvulaire, Fibrillation atriale valvulaire, WarfarineRésumé
Introduction : Un débat persiste concernant la terminologie employée lorsque la fibrillation atriale (FA) coexiste avec une maladie cardiaque valvulaire (VHD) ou non valvulaire (NVHD). Cette méta-analyse a été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’efficacité et la sécurité du dabigatran comparativement à la warfarine chez les patients atteints de FA associée à une VHD ou une NVHD.
Méthodes et résultats : Les bases de données électroniques ont été consultées pour identifier les études éligibles. Dix essais cliniques randomisés (ECR) incluant 22 981 patients ont été retenus.
Dans le sous-groupe NVHD, le dabigatran 150 mg n’a montré aucune différence statistiquement significative par rapport à la warfarine concernant les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) et les embolies systémiques (ES) (différence de risque [DR] : –0,01 ; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : –0,01 à 0,00) ou la mortalité (DR : –0,00 ; IC 95 % : –0,01 à 0,00), à l’exception des hémorragies intracrâniennes (HIC) (DR : –0,01 ; IC 95 % : –0,01 à –0,01) et des saignements majeurs (DR : –0,02 ; IC 95 % : –0,04 à –0,00), significativement réduits sous dabigatran.
De même, le dabigatran 110 mg a été associé à un risque plus faible d’HIC (DR : –0,01 ; IC 95 % : –0,01 à –0,01) sans différence significative pour les AVC/ES ou la mortalité, comparativement à la warfarine.
Dans le sous-groupe VHD, aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre le dabigatran et la warfarine pour les AVC/ES (DR : 0,02 ; IC 95 % : –0,03 à 0,07), les hémorragies majeures (DR : 0,01 ; IC 95 % : –0,02 à 0,04) ou la mortalité (DR : –0,01 ; IC 95 % : –0,04 à 0,01).
Enfin, dans le sous-groupe des patients ayant bénéficié d’une ablation par cathéter, le dabigatran a uniquement réduit la survenue d’hématomes inguinaux (DR : –0,02 ; IC 95 % : –0,03 à –0,00).
Conclusion : Le dabigatran, à la dose de 150 mg ou 110 mg, s’est révélé supérieur à la warfarine chez les patients présentant une FA avec NVHD pour la réduction des saignements, en particulier des HIC. En revanche, aucune différence significative n’a été observée concernant les AVC/ES ou la mortalité. Chez les patients ayant bénéficié d’une ablation par cathéter, le dabigatran a seulement réduit le risque d’hématome de l’aine. Dans le sous-groupe VHD, le dabigatran n’a montré ni supériorité ni infériorité par rapport à la warfarine. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats.
Enfin, le terme « FA non valvulaire » pourrait avantageusement être remplacé par l’appellation « VHD de type II », afin de mieux distinguer cette entité des autres formes de maladies valvulaires cardiaques.
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