Une perspective sur la théorie génétique des maladies infectieuses
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.62438/tunismed.v102i9.4872Mots-clés :
susceptibilité génétique , résistance aux maladies, génétique humaine , erreurs innées de l'immunité, infections , déficits immunitaires primairesRésumé
Au cours du siècle dernier, les approches classiques de la microbiologie et de l'immunologie ont produit des résultats spectaculaires dans la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses. Toutefois, la récente pandémie de SRAS-COV-2 a mis en évidence notre incapacité persistante à contrôler certaines infections. D'autres micro-organismes constituent toujours une menace pour l'humanité, comme le VIH, le virus Ebola et le virus de la grippe. Il semble que les approches conventionnelles ne soient pas en mesure de résoudre tous les problèmes actuels causés par les maladies infectieuses. La génétique humaine a montré que les infections ont un fort déterminisme génétique qui peut conduire à une prédisposition ou à une résistance aux infections. Cela explique en grande partie la variabilité clinique observée chez les individus infectés par le même agent pathogène. L'identification de l'étiologie génétique permet de mieux comprendre la pathogénie des maladies infectieuses et, par conséquent, d'envisager des stratégies préventives et thérapeutiques appropriées. Cette revue donne un aperçu de la théorie génétique et des preuves concrètes qui l'étayent. Nous soulignons le rôle des immunodéficiences primaires dans la découverte de la susceptibilité mendélienne et monogénique aux infections, puis nous montrons comment l'hétérogénéité génétique et phénotypique, la redondance et la résistance aux infections se manifestent dans le contexte de ce déterminisme génétique. Pour lutter efficacement contre la menace constante des microbes, il est essentiel d'intégrer la génétique humaine à la microbiologie afin d'examiner les interactions entre les pathogènes et notre système immunitaire.
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