Profil des acides gras et des lipides plasmatiques chez des sportifs Tunisiens de haut niveau
Mots-clés :
Acides gras, acides gras poly insaturés, rapport w6/w3, sportRésumé
Prérequis : Un intérêt croissant est accordé aux acides gras poly insaturés (AGPI) w3, considérés bénéfiques pour la santé.
But : étudier l’effet de la pratique sportive sur les lipides et les acides gras (AG) plasmatiques, notamment les AGPI w6 et w3 et le rapport w6/w3.
Méthodes : L’étude a porté sur 75 sportifs tunisiens d’élite, de sexe masculin, pratiquant un sport collectif et 70 hommes sédentaires sains. Le profil des AG plasmatiques a été analysé par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. La comparaison entre les deux groupes a été effectuée à l’aide d’une analyse GLM univariée, avec ajustement sur l’âge, la masse corporelle et l’apport énergétique.
Résultats : Il existait chez les sportifs une baisse des triglycérides et des AG saturés (27,64% ± 2,17% vs. 30,41% ± 4,35%) et une augmentation du HDL cholestérol et des AG mono insaturés (21,19% ± 2,44% vs. 19,12% ± 3,03%). Cependant, il n’existait pas de différence significative des AGPI totaux, des AGPI w6 et w3 et du rapport w6/w3 (10,15% ± 3,24% vs. 10,20% ± 3,37%) entre les sportifs et les sédentaires.
Conclusion: L’activité sportive modifie favorablement le profil des AG plasmatiques en augmentant Les AG mono insaturés aux dépens des AG saturés, mais n’a pas d’effet sur les AGPI w6 et w3. Seule une alimentation riche en AGPI w3 permettrait d’abaisser le rapport w6/w3, pour espérer améliorer la santé et probablement les performances des sportifs.
Téléchargements
Références
Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(Suppl 1):171S-5S.
Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 2002;56:365-79.
Kelley DS, Rudolph IL. Effect of individual fatty acids of omega- 6 and omega-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids. Nutrition 2000;16:143-5.
Yashodhara BM, Umakanth S, Pappachan JM, Bhat SK, Kamath R, Choo BH. Omega-3 fatty acids: a comprehensive review of their role in health and disease. Postgrad Med J 2009;85:84-90.
Dealrue J. Acides gras polyinsaturés et inflammation. Nutr Clin Métabol 2001;15:172-6.
Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, et al. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake.
Schoenfeld D. Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial Investigators. Circulation 2005;112:2762-8.
Cunnane SC. Problems with essential fatty acids: time for a new paradigm? Prog Lipid Res 2003;42:544-68.
Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006;296:1885-99.
Schaefer EJ, Bongard V, Beiser AS, et al. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1545-50.
Goldberg L, Elliot DL, Schutz RW, Kloster FE. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels after weight training. JAMA 1984;252:504- 6.
Mougios V, Kotzamanidis C, Koutsari C, Atsopardis S. Exerciseinduced changes in the concentration of individual fatty acids and triacylglycerols of human plasma. Metabolism 1995;44:681-8.
Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, Ferguson MA, Alderson NL, DuBose KD. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. Sports Med 2001;31:1033-62.
Siri WE. The gross composition of the body. Adv Biol Med Phys 1956;4:239-80.
Reed RB, Burke BS. Collection and analysis of dietary intake data. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1954;44:1015-26.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanlay GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957;226:497-509.
Schwertner HA, Mosser EL. Comparison of lipid fatty acids on a concentration basis vs weight percentage basis in patients with and without coronary artery disease or diabetes. Clin Chem 1993;39:659-63.
Andersson A, Sjödin A, Olsson R, Vessby B. Effects of physical exercise on phospholipid fatty acid composition in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1998;274:E432-8.
Andersson A, Sjödin A, Hedman A, Olsson R, Vessby B. Fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle phospholipids in trained and untrained young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279:E744-51.
Helge JW, Wu BJ, Willer M, Daugaard JR, Storlien LH, Kiens B. Training affects muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in humans. J Appl Physiol 2001;90:670-7.
Turcotte LP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Increased plasma FFA uptake and oxidation during prolonged exercise in trained vs. untrained humans. Am J Physiol 1992 ;262:E791-9.
Girón MD, Mataix FJ, Suárez MD. Changes in lipid composition and desaturase activities of duodenal mucosa induced by dietary fat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1045:69-73.
Kiens B, Essen-Gustavsson B, Christensen NJ, Saltin B. Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training. J Physiol 1993;469:459-78.
Calles-Escandon J, Goran MI, O'Connell M, Nair KS, Danforth Jr E. Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance or lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1996;270:E1009-14.
Durstine JL, Haskell WL. Effects of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994;22:477-521.
Terjung RL, Mackie BG, Dudley GA, Kaciuba-Uscilko H. Influence of exercise on chylomicron triacylglycerol metabolism: plasma turnover and muscle uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983;15:340-7.
Stubbs CD, Smith AD. The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984;779:89-137.
Pelikánová T, Kohout M, Válek J, Base J, Kazdová L. Insulin secretion and insulin action related to the serum phospholipid fatty acid pattern in healthy men. Metabolism 1989;38:188-92.
Andersen PH, Lund S, Schmitz O, Junker S, Kahn BB, Pedersen O. Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in athletes: the importance of GLUT4 mRNA, GLUT4 protein and fibre type composition of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1993;149:393-404.
Seip RL, Semenkovich CF. Skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase: molecular regulation and physiological effects in relation to exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1998;26:191-218.
Escudero A, Montilla JC, GarcÃa JM, et al. Effect of dietary (n-9),(n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids on membrane lipid composition and morphology of rat erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1394:65-73.
DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, Bray GA. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:905-11.
Jeukendrup AE. Modulation of carbohydrate and fat utilization by diet, exercise and environment. Biochem Soc Trans 2003;31:1270-3.
Sheaff Greiner RC, Zhang Q, Goodman KJ, Giussani DA, Nathanielsz PW, Brenna JT. Linoleate, alpha-linolenate, and docosahexaenoate recycling into saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids is a major pathway in pregnant or lactating adults and fetal or infant rhesus monkeys. J Lipid Res 1996;37:2675-86.
Cunnane SC, Belza K, Anderson MJ, Ryan MA. Substantial carbon recycling from linoleate into products of de novo lipogenesis occurs in rat liver even under conditions of extreme dietary linoleate deficiency. J Lipid Res 1998;39:2271-6.
Rosenthal MD. Fatty acid metabolism of isolated mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res 1987;26:87-124.
Sugano M, Hirahara F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):189S-96S.
Urquiaga I, Guasch V, Marshall G, et al. Effect of Mediterranean and Occidental diets, and red wine, on plasma fatty acids in humans. An intervention study. Biol Res 2004;37:253-61.
Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):179S-88S.
Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation 1999;99:2452-7.
Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1181-9.
Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Marchioli R, Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:324-32.
Terano T, Hirai A, Hamazaki T, et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function, blood viscosity and red cell deformability in healthy human subjects. Atherosclerosis 1983;46:321-31.
Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation 2001;103:651-7.
