Prévention des bronchiolites à virus respiratoire syncytial
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.62438/tunismed.v103i11.6382Mots-clés :
Virus Respiratoire Syncytial, Bronchiolite aigue, Nourrisson, Nirsevimab, Vaccin maternel anti-VRSRésumé
La bronchiolite aiguë (BA), constitue un enjeu majeur de santé publique, tant au niveau national qu’international. Elle représente la première cause d’hospitalisation en pédiatrie chez les nourrissons. Le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS) est le principal virus responsable et souvent associé aux formes sévères et prolongées.
Les épidémies automno-hivernales de BA entraînent chaque saison un afflux important dans les urgences pédiatriques et une surcharge dans les unités hospitalières à l’origine de la saturation des lits notamment en réanimation pédiatrique. Plus de la moitié des nourrissons hospitalisés pour bronchiolite aiguë à VRS sont des nourrissons nés à terme, sans comorbidités, et sont âgés de moins de 3 mois.
Aucun traitement curatif n’existe, et le traitement est uniquement symptomatique. Récemment, deux interventions visant à prévenir l’infection au VRS chez les nourrissons ont été approuvées, soit un vaccin pour les femmes enceintes, soit un anticorps monoclonal à longue durée d’action (Nirsévimab).
Dans ce contexte, nous nous proposons de revoir la littérature internationale et les données tunisiennes concernant la bronchiolite à VRS, et résumer les preuves actuelles concernant ces nouvelles stratégies de prévention.
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